Kevin Stilley

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Early Western Civilization classroom resources

EARLY WESTERN CIVILIZATION – HIS1103

Prolegomena

Class #1 – Introduction

Research Paper Preparation

Class #2 – What is History?

Class #3 – Pre-History

Class #4 – Mesopotamia – Sumer & Akkad

Class #5 – Egypt

Class #6 – The Patriarchal Period

Class #7 – The Hittites

Class #8 – Western Semitic Power Grabs / David, Solomon, & Rehoboam (The United and Divided Kingdom)

Class #9 – Assyria, Babylon, the Medes & The Persians

Class #10 – Examination #1

Class #11 – “Meanwhile in Greece…”

Class #12 – Greek Mythology & Religion

Class #13 – The Persian Wars

  • — Marathon, Thermopylae, Sparta

Class #14 – Birth of Democracy

Class #15 – The Peloponnesian Wars & Alexander the Great

Class #16 – Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Class #17 – Socrates, Sophists, Plato

Class #18 – Aristotle

Class #19 – Hellenistic & Early Roman Philosophy

Class #20 – Examination #2

Class #21 – Romulus to Hannibal

Class #22 – Roman Prosperity

Class #23 – Roman Empire

Class #24 – Six Flags Over Israel

Class #25 – Roman Provinces & Israel During The Intertestamental Period

Class #26 – The Jewish War With Rome & The Destruction of the Temple

Class #27 – Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (Ancient Art, Science, Literature, etc.)

Class #28 – Western Civilization & The Kingdom of God

Class #29 – Final Examination

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Old Testament Book Recommendations

Looking for the best books to supplement your Old Testament studies?  Here are some book recommendations from Mark Dever, Paul Copan, Daniel Akin and others.

__________

9Marks

The following books on the OLD TESTAMENT are included in the 9Marks reading list for pastors:

The Authority of the Old Testament, John Bright

History of Israel, John Bright

Introduction to the Old Testament, Dillard and Longman

The Faith of Israel, William Dumbrell

The Goldsworthy Trilogy, Graeme Goldsworthy (see esp. Gospel and Kingdom in this volume)

Whoredom, Ray Ortlund, Jr.

__________

Paul Copan

The following are recommended for further reading in How Do You Know You’re Not Wrong?: Responding to Objections That Leave Christians Speechless , by Paul Copan.

Why Are Some Old Testament Laws Harsh And Oppressive?

Toward Old Testament Ethics (Walter Kaiser)

Slaves, Women, and Homosexuals: Exploring the Hermeneutics of Cultural Analysis (William J. Webb)

An Eye For An Eye (Christopher Wright)

Walking In The Ways of the Lord (Christopher Wright)

Leviticus [New International Commentary on the Old Testament] (Gordon Wenham)

Deuteronomy [New International Biblical Commentary, Old Testament Series 4] (Christopher Wright)

Does The Old Testament Condone Slavery?

The Bible In Politics: How To Read The Bible Politically (Richard Bauckham)

Toward Old Testament Ethics (Walter C. Kaiser)

God’s People in God’s Land: Family, Land, and Property in the Old Testament (Christopher J.H. Wright)

Are Old Testament Prophecies Taken Out Of Context In The New Testament?

Jesus and the Old Testament (R.T. France)

Matthew: Evangelist and Teacher (R.T. France)

Biblical Exegesis in the Apostolic Period (Richard Longenecker)

“The New Testament Use of the Old Testament: Text Form and Authority” by Moises Silva in Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon (ed., D.a. Carson and John Woodbridge)

“The Use of the Old Testament in the New” by Klyne Snodgrass in New Testament Criticism and Interpretation (eds., David Alan Black and David Dockery)

__________

Westminster Theological Seminary

These Old Testament titles appear on Westminster Theological Seminary’s suggested reading list for those interested in becoming students at WTS.

Dillard, Raymond B. and Tremper Longman, III. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2006.

Waltke, Bruce K., and Charles Yu. An Old Testament Theology: A Canonical and Thematic Approach. Zondervan, 2006.

Longman, Tremper III. How to Read the Psalms. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1988.

Silva, Moises and Karen Jobes. Invitation to the Septuagint. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2005

Armerding, Carl E. The Old Testament and Criticism. Spring Arbor Distributors.

Young, E.J. “The Authority of the Old Testament.” In The Infallible Word, Edited by Stonehouse, N.B., and Paul Wooley, 55-91. Phillipsburg, N. J.: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co, 2002.

Kline, Meredith G. Kingdom Prologue. Overland Park, KS: Two Age Press, 2000.

Kline, Meredith G. Images of the Spirit. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1980.

Vos, Geerhardus. The Eschatology of the Old Testament. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing, 2001.

__________

Daniel Akin

Danny Akin, President of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, has recommended the following:

Introductions and Surveys of the Old Testament.

Archer, Gleason L., Jr. A Survey of Old Testament Introduction. Rev. ed. Chicago: Moody, 1994.

Dillard, Raymond B., and Tremper Longman III. An Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994.

Harrison, R.K. Introduction to the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1969.

Hill, Andrew, and John Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000.

Lasor, William, David A. Hubbard, and Frederick W. Bush. Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form and Background of the Old Testament. 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.

Leithart, Peter. A House for My Name. Moscow: Canon, 2000.

Young, Edward J. An Introduction to the Old Testament. New rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965.

Old Testament History and Background

de Vaux, R. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. 2 vols. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.

Easley, Kendall H. Holman Illustrated Guide to Biblical History. Nashville: Broadman, 2003.

Frank, Harry Thomas. Discovering the Biblical World. New York: Harper, 1975.

Harrison, R.K. Old Testament Times. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970.

Hayes, John H., and J. Maxwell Miller, eds. Israelite and Judean History. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1977.

Kaiser, Walter C. A Survey of Israel’s History. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1997.

Long, V. Phillips, Tremper Longman, III, and Iain W. Provain. A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2003.

Merrill, Eugene H. Kingdom of Priests: A History of Old Testament Israel. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996.

Walton, John H. Chronological Charts of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994.

Old Testament Word Studies.

Brown, Francis. The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew-English Lexicon. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1979.

Harris, R. Laird, Gleason L. Archer, Jr., and Bruce K. Waltke, eds. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Chicago: Moody, 1980.

Jenni, Ernst, and Claus Westermann, eds. Theological Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated by M. E. Biddle. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1997.

Koehler, Ludwig and Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. 5 vols. New York: E. J. Brill, 1994-2000.

Old Testament Archaeology

Ben-Tor, Amnon, ed. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Fagan, Brian M. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. New York: Oxford, 1996.

Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible—10,000-586 B.C.E. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Millard, Alan. Treasures from Bible Times. Tring, England: Lion, 1985.

Schoville, K. N. Biblical Archaeology in Focus. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978.

Thompson, John A. The Bible and Archaeology. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1972.

Yamauchi, Edwin. The Stones and the Scriptures: An Introduction to Biblical Archaeology. Repr. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981.

Old Testament Theology

Dempster, Stephen. Dominion and Dynasty: A Biblical Theology of the Hebrew Bible. Downers Grove: IVP, 2003.

Dumbrell, William J. The Faith of Israel: A Theological Survey of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001.

Eichrodt, Walther. Theology of the Old Testament. 2 vols. Translated by J.A. Baker. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961-67.

Fuller, Daniel. The Unity of the Bible: Unfolding God’s Plan for Humanity. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000.

Goldingay, John. Old Testament Theology: Israel’s Gospel. Downers Grove: IVP, 2003.

Goldsworthy, Graeme. According to Plan: The Unfolding Revelation of God in the Bible. Downers Grove: IVP, 2002.

Goldsworthy, Graeme. The Goldsworthy Trilogy. Waynesboro, GA: Send the Light, 2000.

House, Paul. Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove: IVP, 1998.

Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. Toward an Old Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1978.

Longman, Tremper, III. Immanual in Our Place: Seeing Christ In Israel’s Worship. New Jersey: P & R, 2001.

__________. Making Sense of the Old Testament: Three Crucial Questions. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999.

Martens, Elmer A. God’s Design: A Focus on Old Testament Theology. 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.

Ortlund, Raymond C. God’s Unfaithful Wife: A Biblical Theology of Spiritual Adultery. Downers Grove, IVP, 2003.

Sailhammer, John H. Introduction to Old Testament Theology: A Canonical Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.

Von Rad, Gerhard. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. Translated by D.M.G. Stalker. New York: Harper & Row, 1962-1965.

Vos, Gerhardus. Biblical Theology: Old and New Testaments. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1996.

Old Testament Special Studies

Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Poetry. New York: Basic Books, 1985.

Alexander, T. Desmond. From Paradise to the Promised Land: An Introduction to the Pentateuch, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002.

Armerding, Carl E. The Old Testament and Criticism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983.

Blenkinsopp, Joseph. A History of Prophecy in Israel. Rev. ed. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox, 1996.

Botterweck, G. Johannes, and H. Ringgren, eds. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. 11 vols. to date. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1974-1998.

Bullock, C. Hassell. An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books. Chicago: Moody, 1986.

________ . An Introduction to the Old Testament Poetic Books. Chicago: Moody, 1979.

Chisolm, Robert B., Jr. Handbook on the Prophets. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002.

Collins, John J., ed. The Encyclopedia of Apocalypticism. New York: Continuum, 1998.

Duguid, Iain M. Living in the Grip of Relentless Grace: The Gospel in the Lives of Isaac and Jacob. New Jersey: P & R Press, 2002.

Fyall, Robert. Now My Eyes Have Seen You: Images of Creation and Evil in the Book of Job. Downers Grove: IVP, 2002.

Goldingay, John. Approaches to Old Testament Interpretation. Downers Grove: IVP, 1981.

Howard, David M. An Introduction to the Old Testament Historical Books. Chicago: Moody, 1993.

Jobes, Karen H. and Moisés Silva. Invitation to the Septuagint. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2000.

Kaiser, Walter C., Jr. Toward Rediscovering the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987.

McConville, Gordon. A Guide to the Prophets. Vol. 4 of Exploring the Old Testament. Downers Grove: IVP, 2003.

Millar, J. Gary. Now Choose Life: Theology and Ethics In Deuteronomy. Downers Grove: IVP, 2000.

Murphy, Roland K. The Tree of Life: An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature. New York: Doubleday, 1990.

Stuart, Douglas. Old Testament Exegesis: A Primer for Students and Pastors. 2d ed. Philadelphia: Westminister, 1984.

VanGemeren, Wilhelm A., ed. New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997.

Webb, Barry C. Five Festal Garments: Christian Reflections on the Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther. Downers Grove: IVP, 2001.

Wenham, Gordon. A Guide to the Pentateuch. Vol. 1 of Exploring the Old Testament. Downers Grove: IVP, 2003.

Whybray, Robert N. The Making of the Pentateuch: A Methodological Study. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1994.

Youngblood, Ronald. The Heart of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1971. __________

More Recommendations:

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Old Testament Comprehensive Bibliography – Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary

The following books and articles are some of those appearing on the Comprehensive Reading List for PhD candidates in Old Testament at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary.

INTRODUCTORY STUDIES

  • All the Old Testament articles in The Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  • And the relevant major articles in Dictionary of the Old Testament Historical Books. Edited by Bill T. Arnold and H. G. M. Williamson. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2005.
  • Albright, William Foxwell. The Biblical Period from Abraham to Ezra. New York: Harper & Row, 1949.
  • Barrera, Julio Trebolle. The Jewish Bible and the Christian Bible. Translated by W. G. E. Watson. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
  • Cross, Frank Moore. From Epic to Canon: History and Literature in Ancient Israel. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
  • Eissfeldt, O. The Old Testament: An Introduction. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
  • Gaebelein, Frank E., ed. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary. Vol. 1, Introductory Articles. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979.
  • Harrison, R. K. “The Critical Use of the Old Testament.” BSac 146 (1989): 12-20.
  • ________. Introduction to the Old Testament. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2004.
  • Hess, Richard S., and Gordon J. Wenham, eds. Make the Old Testament Live: From Curriculum to Classroom. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
  • Kitchen, Kenneth A. Ancient Orient and Old Testament. Chicago: InterVarsity, 1966.
  • ________. On The Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.
  • McKenzie, Steven L., and M. Patrick Graham, eds. The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Louisville: John Knox, 1998.

BIBLICAL EXEGESIS

  • Beale, G. K., ed. The Right Doctrine from the Wrong Texts? Essays on the Use of the Old Testament in the New. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1994.
  • Bock, Darrell L. “Evangelicals and the Use of the Old Testament in the New.” BSac 142 (1985): 209-23, 306-19.
  • Broyles, Craig C., ed. Introducing Old Testament Interpretation: A Guide for Exegesis. Grand
  • Rapids: Baker, 2001.
  • Carson, D. A. Exegetical Fallacies. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996.
  • Dockery, David S. Biblical Interpretation Then and Now. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1992.
  • Greidanus, Sidney. The Modern Preacher and the Ancient Text. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1988.
  • Hirsch, E. D., Jr. The Aims of Interpretation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
  • ________. Validity in Interpretation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967.
  • Kaiser, Walter, and Moises Silva. An Introduction to Biblical Hermeneutics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993.
  • Klein, George L., ed. Reclaiming the Prophetic Mantle. Nashville: Broadman, 1992.
  • Osborne, Grant. The Hermeneutical Spiral. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1991.
  • Patterson, Paige. “The Historical-Critical Study of the Bible: Dangerous or Helpful?” Theological Educator 37 (1988): 45-61.
  • Silva, Moises. Biblical Words & Their Meaning. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994.
  • ________. God, Language & Scripture. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1980.
  • Steck, Odil Hannes. Old Testament Exegesis: A Guide to the Methodology. Translated by J. D. Nogalski. Atlanta: Scholars, 1995.
  • Stuart, Douglas. Old Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students & Pastors. 3rd ed. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.

TEXTUAL CRITICISM

  • Barr, James. Comparative Philology and the Text of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Deist, F. E. “Text, Textuality, and Textual Criticism.” JNSL 21 (1995): 59-67.
  • ________. Towards the Text of the Old Testament. Translated by W. K. Winckler. 2nd ed. Pretoria: N. G. Kerkboekhandel Transvaal, 1981.
  • Goshen-Gottstein, M. H. “The Textual Criticism of the Old Testament: Rise, Decline, Rebirth.” JBL 102 (1983): 365-99.
  • Jellicoe, Sidney. The Septuagint and Modern Study. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Talmon, Shemaryahu. “The Old Testament Text.” In From the Beginning to Jerome, 159-99. Vol. 1 of The Cambridge History of the Bible. Edited by P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  • Tov, Emanuel. “The Literary History of the Book of Jeremiah in the Light of Its Textual History.” In Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism, ed. J. H. Tigay, 211-37. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.
  • ________. The Text-Critical Use of the Septuagint in Biblical Research. 2nd ed. Jerusalem: Simor, 1997.
  • ________. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. 2nd ed. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2001.
  • ________. “Textual Criticism (OT).” In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. D. N. Freedman. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  • ________. “The Use of Concordances in the Reconstruction of the Vorlage of the LXX.” CBQ 40 (1978): 29-36.
  • Waltke, Bruce K. “Goals of Textual Criticism.” WTJ 51 (1989): 93-108.
  • ________. “Old Testament Textual Criticism.” In Foundations for Biblical Interpretation, ed. D. S. Dockery, K. A. Mathews, and R. B. Sloan, 156-86. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1994.
  • Würthwein, Ernst. The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Errol F. Rhodes. 2nd rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995.

BIBLICAL CRITICISM

  • Cameron, Nigel M. de S. Biblical Higher Criticism and the Defense of Infallibilism in 19th Century Britain. Lewiston, NY: Mellen, 1987.
  • Hall, David R. The Seven Pillories of Wisdom. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1990.
  • Harrison, R. K., B. K. Waltke, D. Guthrie, and G. D. Fee. Biblical Criticism. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.
  • Knight, D. N., and G. M. Tucker, eds. The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.
  • Linnemann, Eta. Historical Criticism of the Bible: Methodology or Ideology? Translated by R. W. Yarbrough. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990.
  • McKenzie, S. L., and S. R. Haynes, eds. To Each Its Own Meaning. Rev. ed. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1999.
  • Rogerson, John. Old Testament Criticism in the Nineteenth Century: England and Germany. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.
  • Tigay, Jeffrey, ed. Empirical Models for Biblical Criticism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1985.

Canonical Criticism

  • Barton, John. Holy Writings, Sacred Text: The Canon in Early Christianity. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998.
  • Beckwith, Roger T. The Old Testament Canon of the New Testament Church. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1985.
  • Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Prophecy and Canon. Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1977.
  • Childs, B. S. Old Testament Theology in a Canonical Context. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1986.
  • Davies, Philip. Scribes and Schools: The Canonization of the Hebrew Bible. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998.
  • Oswalt, John N. “Canonical Criticism: A Review from a Conservative Viewpoint.” JETS 30 (1987): 317-25.
  • Sanders, James A. Canon and Community: A Guide to Canonical Criticism. GBS. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.
  • ________. From Sacred Story to Sacred Text: Canon as Paradigm. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987.
  • ________. Torah and Canon. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972.
  • Waltke, Bruce K. “A Canonical Approach to the Psalms.” In Tradition and Testament, ed. J. S. Feinberg and P. D. Feinberg, 3-18. Chicago: Moody, 1981.

Form Criticism

  • Alt, Albrecht. “The Origins of Israelite Law.” In Essays on Old Testament History and Religion, trans. R. A. Wilson, 101-71. Garden Ci
    ty: Doubleday, 1967.
  • Buss, Martin J. Biblical Form Criticism in its Context. JSOTSS 274. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1999.
  • Hayes, John H., ed. Old Testament Form Criticism. San Antonio: Trinity University Press, 1974.
  • House, Paul R., ed. Beyond Form Criticism. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992.
  • Longman, Tremper, III. “Form Criticism, Recent Developments in Genre Theory, and the Evangelical.” WTJ 47 (1985): 46-67.
  • Muilenburg, James. “Form Criticism and Beyond.” JBL 88 (1969): 1-18.
  • Waltke, Bruce K. “Oral Tradition.” In Inerrancy and Hermeneutic, ed. H. M. Conn, 117-35. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988.

Source Criticism

  • Albright, William F. Yahweh and the Gods of Canaan. Reprint ed. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1968.
  • Alt, Albrecht. Essays on Old Testament History and Religion. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1966.
  • Cassuto, Umberto. The Documentary Hypothesis. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1961.
  • Harrison, R. K., B. K. Waltke, D. Guthrie, and G. D. Fee. Biblical Criticism: Historical, Literary, and Textual. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978.
  • Kikawada, Isaac M., and Arthur Quinn. Before Abraham Was: The Unity of Genesis 1-11. Nashville: Abingdon, 1985.
  • Noth, Martin. The Deuteronomistic History. JSOTSS 15. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1981.
  • Speiser, E. A. Genesis. AB. Garden City: Doubleday, 1964.
  • Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1885.

Literary and Narrative Criticism

  • Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Narrative. New York: Basic, 1981.
  • Avishur, Yitzhak. Studies in Biblical Narrative: Style, Structure, and the Ancient Near Eastern Literary Background. Tel Aviv: Archaeological Center, 1999.
  • Barton, John. “Intertextuality and the ‘Final Form’ of the Text.” In Congress Volume, Oslo, 1998, ed. A. LeMaire and M. Sæbo, 33-44. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Berlin, Adele. Poetics and Interpretation of Biblical Narrative. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1994.
  • Fishbane, Michael. Biblical Interpretation in Ancient Israel. Oxford: Clarendon, 1985.
  • ________. “Revelation and Tradition: Aspects of Inner-Biblical Exegesis.” JBL 99 (1980): 343-61.
  • ________. “Types of Biblical Intertextuality.” In Congress Volume, Oslo, 1998, ed. A. Lemaire and M. Sæbo. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Fokkelman, J. P. Narrative Art in Genesis. Amsterdam: van Gorcum, 1975.
  • Geller, Stephen A. Sacred Enigmas: Literary Religion in the Hebrew Bible. New York: Routledge, 1996.
  • ________. “Through Windows and Mirrors into the Bible: History, Literature and Language in the Study of the Text.” In A Sense of Text: The Art of Language in the Study of Biblical Literature, ed. Leon Nemoy, 3-40. JQR Supp. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1983.
  • Longman, T. Literary Approaches to Biblical Interpretation. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1987.
  • Mathews, Kenneth A. “Literary Criticism of the Old Testament.” In Foundations for Biblical Interpretation, ed., D. S. Dockery, K. A. Mathews, and R. B. Sloan, 205-31. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1994.
  • Schultz, Richard L. The Search for Quotation: Verbal Parallels in the Prophets. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1999.
  • Ska, J. L. “Our Fathers Have Told Us”: Introduction to the Analysis of Hebrew Narratives. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 1990.

Hebrew Poetry

  • Alonso-Schökel, Luis. A Manual of Hebrew Poetics. Subsidia Biblica. Rome: Pontifico Biblico Instituto, 1988.
  • Alter, Robert. The Art of Biblical Poetry. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
  • Avishur, Yitzhak. Studies in Hebrew and Ugaritic Psalms. New York: Magnes, 1994.
  • Berlin, Adele. The Dynamics of Biblical Parallelism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992.
  • Cross, F. M., and D. N. Freedman. Studies in Ancient Yahwistic Poetry. Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1975.
  • Freedman, David Noel. Pottery, Poetry, and Prophecy: Studies in Early Hebrew Poetry. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1980.
  • Geller, Stephen A. Parallelism in Early Hebrew Poetry. Missoula, MT: Scholars, 1979.
  • ________. “A Poetic Analysis of Isaiah 40:1-2.” HTR 77 (1984): 413-20.
  • ________. “Theory and Method in the Study of Biblical Poetry.” JQR 78 (1982): 65-77.
  • ________. “Were the Prophets Poets?” Prooftexts 3 (1983): 211-21.
  • Gray, George Buchanan. The Forms of Hebrew Poetry. Jerusalem: KTAV, 1972.
  • Kugel, James L. The Idea of Biblical Poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.
  • Kuntz, Kenneth. “Biblical Hebrew Poetry in Recent Research, Part 1.” CRBS 6 (1998): 31-64.
  • ________. “Biblical Hebrew Poetry in Recent Research, Part II.” CRBS 7 (1999): 35-79.
  • ________. “Engaging the Psalms: Gains and Trends in Recent Research.” CRBS 2 (1994): 77-122.
  • van der Meer, Willem, and Johannes C. de Moor, eds. The Structural Analysis of Biblical and Canaanite Poetry. Sheffield: JSOT, 1988.
  • Watson, Wilfred G. E. Classical Hebrew Poetry: A Guide to Its Techniques. JSOTSS. Sheffield: JSOT, 1986.

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

Introductory Works

  • Aharoni, Yohanan. The Land of the Bible. Translated and edited by Anson F. Rainey. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1979.
  • Currid, John D. Ancient Egypt and the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997.
  • DeVaux, Roland. Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1961.
  • King, Philip J., and Lawrence E. Stager. Life in Biblical Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.
  • Mathews, Victor. Social World of the Hebrew Prophets. Peabody: Hendrickson, 2001.
  • McNutt, Paula. Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1999.
  • Pedersen, Johannes. Israel: Its Life and Culture. Vols. 1-2. Atlanta: Scholars, 1991.
  • Perdue, Leo, Joseph Blenkinsopp, John J. Collins, and Carol Meyers. Families in Ancient Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1997.
  • Pritchard, James B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955.

Archaeology and the Old Testament

  • Ben-Tor, Amnon, ed. The Archaeology of Ancient Israel. Translated by R. Greenberg. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
  • Dever, William G. What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
  • Finkelstein, Israel. “The Date of the Settlement of the Philistines in Canaan.” Tel Aviv 22 (1995): 213-39.
  • ________. “The Archaeology of the United Monarchy: An Alternative.” Levant 28 (1996): 177-87.
  • Hoerth, Alfred J. Archaeology and the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.
  • Isserlin, B. J. “The Israelite Conquest of Canaan: A Comparative Review of the Arguments Applicable.” PEQ (115): 85-94.
  • Mazar, Amihai. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
  • ________. “Iron Age Chronology: A Reply to I. Finkelstein.” Levant 29 (1997): 157-67.
  • Richard, Suzanne, ed. Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2003.
  • Wood, Bryant G. “Did the Israelites Conquer Jericho: A New Look at the Archaeological Evidence.” BAR 16:2 (1990): 44-58.

Historiography

  • Finkelstein, J. J. “Mesopotamian Historiography.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107 (1963): 461-72.
  • Hallo, W. W. “Assyrian Historiography Revisited.” EI 14 (1978): 1-7.
  • Herion, Gary A. “The Impact of Modern and Social Science Assumptions on the Reconstruction of Israelite History.”
    JSOT 34 (1986): 3-33.
  • Hoffmeier, James K., ed. Faith, Tradition and History: Old Testament Historiography in Its Near Eastern Context. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1994.
  • Hoffner, Harry A., Jr. “Histories and Historians of the Ancient Near East: The Hittites.” Or 49 (1980): 283-332.
  • Kitchen, K. A. “Historical Method and Early Hebrew Tradition.” TynBul 17 (1966): 63-97.
  • Kofoed, Jens Bruun. Text and History: The Old Testament Texts as a Source for the History of Israel. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2005.
  • Long, V. Philips. The Art of Biblical History. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994.
  • ________, ed. Israel’s Past in Present Research: Essays on Ancient Israelite Historiography. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1999.
  • Miller, J. Maxwell. The Old Testament and the Historian. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1986.
  • Porter, J. R. “Old Testament Historiography.” In Tradition and Interpretation, ed. G. W. Anderson, 125-62. Oxford: Clarendon, 1979.
  • Provan, Ian W. “Ideologies, Literary and Critical: Reflections on Recent Writing on the History of Israel.” JBL 114 (1995): 585-606.
  • Reid, Garnett H. “Minimalism and Biblical History.” BSac 155 (1998): 394-410.
  • Sasson, Jack M. “On Choosing Models for Recreating Israelite Pre-Monarchic History.” JSOT 21 (1981): 3-24.
  • Younger, K. Lawson, Jr. Ancient Conquest Accounts: A Study in Ancient Near Eastern and Biblical History Writing. JSOTSup 98. Sheffield: JSOT, 1990.

OT History
Israel

  • Albertz, Rainer. A History of Israelite Religion in the Old Testament Period. 2 vols. Translated by John Bowden. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1994.
  • ________. Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Atlanta: SBL, 2003.
  • Bright, John. A History of Israel. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 2000.
  • Davies, Philip R. In Search of Ancient Israel. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1992.
  • Grabbe, Lester L. Can a History of Israel be Written? Sheffield: Sheffield Academic, 1997.
  • Halpern, Baruch. “The State of Israelite History.” In Reconsidering Israel and Judah: Recent Studies on the Deuteronomistic History, ed. Gary N. Knoppers and J. Gordon McConville, 540-65. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2000.
  • Hoffmeier, James Karl. Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Kitchen, Kenneth A. On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993.
  • Miller, J. Maxwell, and John H. Hayes. A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1986.
  • Provan, Iain, V. Philips Long, and Tremper Longman, III. A Biblical History of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2003.
  • Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Ancient Near Eastern History

  • Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Translated by Peter T. Daniels. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2002.
  • Dothan, Trude, and Moshe Dothan. People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. New York: Macmillan, 1992.
  • Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
  • Oppenheim, Leo. Ancient Mesopotamia. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
  • Tadmor, H. and M. Weinfeld, eds. History, Historiography and Interpretation: Studies in Biblical and Cuneiform Literatures. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1983.
  • Yamauchi, Edwin M. Persia and the Bible. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990.

Religion and Institutions

  • Alt, Albrecht. Essays on Old Testament History and Religion. Translated by R. A. Wilson. Garden City: Doubleday, 1968.
  • Clements, R. E. God and Temple. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1965.
  • Cross, Frank Moore. Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
  • Day, John. God’s Conflict with the Dragon and the Sea. Echoes of a Canaanite Myth in the Old Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
  • Gaster, Theodore H. Myth, Legend, and Custom in the Old Testament. 2 vols. Reprint ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.
  • Haran, Menahem. Temples and Temple Service. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978.
  • Hillers, D. Covenant: The History of a Biblical Idea. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 1969.
  • Kaufmann, Y. The Religion of Israel. Translated by M. Greenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
  • Keel, Othmar and Christoph Uehlinger. Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God: In Ancient Israel. Translated by A. W. Mahnke. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997.
  • Kraus, Joachim. Worship in Ancient Israel. Richmond: John Knox, 1966.
  • McCarthy, D. J. Treaty and Covenant. Rev. ed. Rome: Biblical Institute, 1981.
  • Mendenhall, George E. Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East. Pittsburgh: Biblical Colloquium, 1955.
  • Miller, Patrick. The Religion of Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster John Knox, 2000.
  • Mullen, E. T. The Assembly of the Gods: The Divine Council in Canaanite and Early Hebrew Literature. HSM 24. Chico, CA: Scholars, 1980.
  • Weinfeld, Moshe. “The Covenant of Grant in the Old Testament and in the Ancient Near East.” JAOS 90 (1970).

OLD TESTAMENT THEOLOGY

  • Baker, David. Two Testaments, One Bible: A Study of the Theological Relationship between the Old and New Testaments. Rev. ed. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1991.
  • Barr, James. The Concept of Biblical Theology: An Old Testament Perspective. Minneapolis:
  • Fortress, 1999.
  • Blaising, Craig. “The Future of Israel as a Theological Question.” JETS 44 (2001): 435-50.
  • Blenkinsopp, Joseph. “Old Testament Theology and the Jewish-Christian Connection.” JSOT 28 (1984): 3-15.
  • Brueggemann, Walter. Theology of the Old Testament: Testimony, Dispute, Advocacy. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1997.
  • Childs, Brevard. Biblical Theology of the Old and New Testaments: Theological Reflection on Christian Bible. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1993. Pages 1-94 only.
  • Collins, John J. “Is a Critical Biblical Theology Possible?” In The Hebrew Bible and Its Interpreters, eds. W. H. Propp, et al. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
  • Depmster, Stephen. Dominion and Dynasty: A Biblical Theology of the Hebrew Bible. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2003.
  • Dumbrell, William J. Covenant and Creation: An Old Testament Covenantal Theology. London: Paternoster, 1984.
  • Eichrodt, W. Theology of the Old Testament. Translated by J. A. Baker. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961-65.
  • Fretheim, Terence E. The Suffering of God: An Old Testament Perspective. Overtures to Biblical Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1984.
  • Goldingay, John. Israel’s Gospel. Vol. 1 of Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 2003.
  • Gowan, Donald E. Eschatology in the Old Testament. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Fortress, 2000.
  • ________. Theology in Exodus. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1994.
  • Hasel, Gerhard. Old Testament Theology: Basic Issues in the Current Debate. 4th ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991.
  • ________. “Proposals for a Canonical Biblical Theology.” AUSS 34 (1996): 23-33.
  • ________. “Recent Models of Biblical Theology: Three Major Perspectives.” AUSS 33 (1995): 55-75.
  • Hayes, John H. and Frederick Prussne
    r. Old Testament Theology: Its History and Development. Atlanta: John Knox, 1985.
  • House, Paul R. Old Testament Theology. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998.
  • Longman, Tremper III, and D. Reid. God is a Warrior: Studies in Old Testament Biblical Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.
  • Ollenburger, B. C., et al, eds. The Flowering of Old Testament Theology. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1992.
  • Preuss, Horst Dietrich. Old Testament Theology. 2 vols. The Old Testament Library. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1995-96.
  • Rendtorff, Rolf. The Canonical Hebrew Bible: A Theology of the Old Testament. Leiden: Deo, 2005.
  • Sailhamer, John H. Introduction to Old Testament Theology: A Canonical Approach. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995.
  • von Rad, Gerhard. Old Testament Theology. Translated by D. M. G. Stalker. 2 vols. The Old Testament Library. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2001.
  • Waltke, Bruce K. “The Book of Proverbs and Old Testament Theology.” BSac 136 (1979): 302-17.
  • ________. “The Phenomenon of Conditionality within Unconditional Covenants.” In Israel’s Apostasy and Restoration, ed. A. Gileadi, 123-39. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1988.
  • Wright, G. Ernest. The God Who Acts. London: SCM, 1952.

PENTATEUCH

  • Alt, Albrecht. “The Origins of Israelite Law.” In Essays on Old Testament History and Religion, 79-132. Oxford: Blackwell, 1966; reprint, Garden City: Doubleday, 1968.
  • Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Wisdom and Law in the Old Testament. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Carmichael, Calum. The Origins of Biblical Law: The Decalogues and the Book of the Covenant. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.
  • Gunkel, Hermann. The Legends of Genesis. New York: Schocken, 1964.
  • Heidel, Alexander. The Babylonian Genesis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
  • Kikawada, Isaac M., and Arthur Quinn. Before Abraham Was: The Unity of Genesis 1-11. Nashville: Abingdon, 1985.
  • Mathews, Kenneth. Genesis 1-11. Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 1996.
  • Sailhamer, John. The Pentateuch as Narrative. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
  • ________. “The Mosaic Law and the Theology of the Pentateuch.” WTJ 53 (1991): 241-61.
  • Thompson, Thomas L. The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1974.
  • Van Seters, Abraham in History and Tradition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.
  • Weinfeld, Moshe. Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic School. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972.

PROPHECY

  • Albright, William F. “Samuel and the Beginnings of the Prophetic Movement.” In Interpreting the Prophetic Tradition, ed. H. Orlinsky, 151-76. Cincinnati: Hebrew Union, 1969.
  • Barton, John. Oracles of God: Perceptions of Ancient Prophecy in Israel after the Exile. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
  • Blenkinsopp, Joseph. A History of Prophecy in Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1983.
  • Bright, John. Covenant and Promise: The Prophetic Understanding of the Future in Preexilic Israel. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1976.
  • Clements, R. E. Old Testament Prophecy: From Oracles to Canon. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996.
  • Gowan, Donald E. Theology of the Prophetic Books: The Death and Resurrection of Israel. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998.
  • Koch, Klaus. The Prophets. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1983-1984.
  • ________. The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic: A Polemical Work on a Neglected Area of Biblical Studies and Its Damaging Effects on Theology and Philosophy. Studies in Biblical Theology. London: SCM, 1972.
  • Lindblom, Johannes. Prophecy in Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1962.
  • McKane, William. Prophets and Wise Men. London: SCM, 1965.
  • Petersen, David. The Roles of Israel’s Prophets. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 17. Sheffield: JSOT, 1981.
  • Sawyer, John F. Prophecy and the Biblical Prophets. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • VanGemeren, Willem A. Interpreting the Prophetic Word. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990.
  • Westermann, Claus. Basic Forms of Prophetic Speech. Translated by H. C. White. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1991.
  • Wilson, Robert R. Prophecy and Society in Ancient Israel. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980.

WISDOM

  • Blenkinsopp, John. Wisdom and Law in the Old Testament. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Clements, Ronald E. Wisdom in Theology. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992.
  • Crenshaw, J. L. Education in Ancient Israel: Across the Deadening Silence. Garden City: Doubleday, 1998.
  • ________, ed. Studies in Ancient Israelite Wisdom. New York: KTAV, 1976.
  • Day, John, Robert P. Gordon, and Hugh G. M. Williamson, eds. Wisdom in Ancient Israel. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995
  • Gammie, John G., and Leo G. Perdue, eds. The Sage in Israel and the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
  • Geller, Stephen A. “Wisdom, Nature and Piety in Some Biblical Psalms.” In Riches Hidden in Secret Places: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen, ed. Tzvi Abusch. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2002.
  • Hurvitz, A. “Wisdom Vocabulary in the Hebrew Bible: A Contribution to the Study of ‘Wisdom Psalms.’“ VT 38 (1988): 41-51.
  • Murphy, Roland. The Tree of Life: An Exploration of Biblical Wisdom Literature. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1996.
  • Perdue, Leo G., B. Scott, and W. J. Wiseman, eds. In Search of Wisdom: Essays in Memory of
  • John G. Gammie. Louisville: Westminster, John Knox, 1993.
  • ________. Wisdom & Creation: The Theology of Wisdom Literature. Nashville: Abingdon, 1994.
  • Scott, R. B. Y. The Way of Wisdom in the Old Testament. New York: Macmillan, 1971.
  • Skehan, Patrick W. Studies in Israelite Poetry and Wisdom. Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association, 1971.
  • von Rad, Gerhard. Wisdom in Israel. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity, 1972.
  • Weeks, Stuart. Early Israelite Wisdom. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Wright, Addison G. “The Riddle of the Sphinx: The Structure of the Book of Qoheleth.” CBQ 30 (1968): 313-4.
  • Zimmerli, W. “Concerning the Structure of Old Testament Wisdom.” In Studies in Ancient Israelite Wisdom, ed. H. Orlinsky, 175-207. New York: KTAV, 1976.
  • ________. “The Place and Limit of Wisdom in the Framework of the Old Testament Theology.” SJT 17 (1963): 146-58.

APOCALYPTIC

  • Blenkinsopp, Joseph. Prophecy and Canon: A Contribution to the Study of Jewish Origins. South Bend, IN: Notre Dame University Press, 1977.
  • Clifford, R. J. The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and the Old Testament. HSM 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972.
  • Collins, John J. The Apocalyptic Imagination: An Introduction to the Jewish Matrix of Christianity. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1998.
  • ________. “The Place of Apocalypticism in the Religion of Israel.” In Ancient Israelite Religion: Essays in Honor of Frank Moore Cross, ed. P. D. Miller, Jr., P. D. Hanson, and S. D. McBride, 539-74. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987.
  • Hanson, Paul D. The Dawn of Apocalyptic: The Historical and Sociological Roots of Jewish Apocalyptic Eschatology. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979.
  • Hellholm, David, ed. Apocalypticism in the Mediterranean World and the Near East: Proceedings of the International Colloquium on Apocalypticism, Uppsala, August 12-17, 1979. 2nd enl. ed. Tübingen: Mohr, 1989.
  • Miller, P. D., Jr. The Divine Warrior in Early Israel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.
  • Stone, M. “Lists of Revealed Things in the Apocalyptic Literature.” In Magnalia Dei: The Mighty Acts of God, ed. F. M. Cross,
    Jr., et al, 414-52. Garden City: Doubleday, 1976.

BIBLICAL HEBREW

Grammars

  • Bergsträsser, G. Hebräische Grammatik. Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel, 1918.
  • Joüon, P., and T. Muraoka, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. 2 vols. Rome: Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico, 1991.
  • Kautsch, E. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar. Edited by A. E. Cowley. Oxford: Clarendon, 1978.
  • Lambdin, Thomas O. Introduction to Biblical Hebrew. New York: Scribners, 1971.
  • Waltke, Bruce, and Michael O’Connor. An Introduction to Biblical Syntax. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1990.

History of the Hebrew Language/ Linguistics

  • Barr, James. The Semantics of Biblical Language. Reprint ed. London: SCM, 1983.
  • Blau, Joshua. “Hebrew and North West Semitic: Reflections on the Classification of the Semitic Languages.” HAR 2 (1978): 21-41.
  • ________. Topics in Hebrew and Semitic Linguistics. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1998.
  • Fensham, F. C. “The Use of the Suffix Conjugation and the Prefix Conjugation in a Few Old Hebrew Poems.” JNSL 6 (1978): 9-18.
  • Garr, W. Randall. Dialect Geography of Syria-Palestine 1000-586 BCE. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.
  • Gogel, Sandra. A Grammar of Epigraphic Hebrew. Atlanta: Scholars, 1998.
  • Harris, Zelig S. Development of the Canaanite Dialects. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1939.
  • Hurvitz, Avi. “Can Biblical Texts be Dated Linguistically? Chronological Perspectives in the Historical Study of Biblical Hebrew.” In Congress Volume: Oslo, 1998, ed. A. Lemaire and M. Sæbo, 143-60. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Kahle, Paul. The Cairo Genizah. London: Oxford University Press, 1947. Pp. 86-110.
  • Lyons, John. Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968.
  • Moscati, Sabatino, et al. An Introduction to the Comparative Study of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1964.
  • Kutscher, E. Y. A History of the Hebrew Language. Edited by R. Kutscher. Leiden: Brill, 1982.
  • Qimron, E. The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Atlanta: Scholars, 1986.
  • ________. “Observations on the History of Early Hebrew (1000 BCE – 200 CE) in the Light of the Dead Sea Documents.” In The Dead Sea Scrolls: Forty Years of Research, ed. D. Dimant and U. Rappaport, 351-61. Leiden: Brill, 1992.
  • Rooker, Mark F. “Dating Isaiah 40-66: What Does the Linguistic Evidence Say?” WTJ 58 (1996): 303-12.
  • ________. “Diachronic Analysis and the Features of Late Biblical Hebrew.” Bulletin for Biblical Research 4 (1994): 135-44.
  • ________. “The Diachronic Study of Biblical Hebrew.” JNSL 14 (1988): 199-214.
  • ________. “Ezekiel and the Typology of Biblical Hebrew.” HAR 12 (1990): 133-55.
  • Sáenz-Badillos, Angel. A History of the Hebrew Language. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Phonology, Orthography, and Writing

  • Freedman, David Noel, and Frank Moore Cross, Jr. Early Hebrew Orthography. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1952.
  • Gelb, I. J. A Study of Writing. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963.
  • Kaufman, Stephen A. “The Pitfalls of Typology: On the Early History of the Alphabet.” HUCA 57 (1986): 1-14.
  • Lambdin, Thomas O. “Philippi’s Law Reconsidered.” In Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry, ed. A. Kort and S. Morschauser, 135-45. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1985.
  • Orlinsky, H. M. “The Origin of the Kethib-Qere System.” In Congress Volume: Oxford 1959, 184-92. VTSup 7. Leiden: Brill, 1960.
  • Speiser, Ephraim A. “The Shibboleth Incident (Judges 12:6).” In Oriental and Biblical Studies, ed. J. F. Finkelstein and M. Greenberg, 143-50. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1967.

Miscellaneous

  • Andersen, Francis I. The Hebrew Verbless Clause in the Pentateuch. Nashville: Abingdon, 1970.
  • Kaufman, Stephen A. “An Emphatic Plea for Please.” MAARAV 7 (1991): 195-98.
  • Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Student ed. Leiden: Brill, 2003.
  • Miller, Patrick D. “Vocative Lamed in the Psalter: A Reconsideration.” UF 11 (1979): 617-37.
  • Sagarin, James L. Hebrew Noun Patterns (Mishqalim). Atlanta: Scholars, 1987.

Verbs

  • Blake, Frank R. “The Hebrew WAW Conversive.” JBL 63 (1944): 271-95.
  • Driver, S. R. A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew (with a new introduction by W. Randall Garr). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1997.
  • Greenstein, Edward L. “On the Prefixed Preterite in Biblical Hebrew.” HS 29 (1988): 7-33.
  • Goetze, Albert. “The So-called Intensive of the Semitic Languages.” JAOS 62 (1942): 1-8.
  • Held, Moshe. “The Action-Result (Factitive-Passive) Sequence of Identical Verbs in Biblical Hebrew and Ugaritic.” JBL 84 (1965): 272-82.
  • ________. “The YQTL-QTL (QTL-YQTL) Sequence of Identical Verbs in Biblical Hebrew and in Ugaritic.” In Studies and Essays in Honor of Abraham A. Neuman, ed. M. Ben-Horin, B. C. Weinryb, and S. Zeitlin, 281-90. Leiden: Brill, 1962.
  • Huehnergard, John. “The Early Hebrew Prefix-Conjugation.” HS 29 (1988): 19-23.
  • Klein, George. “The Prophetic Perfect.” JNSL 16 (1990): 45-60.
  • McFall, Leslie. The Enigma of the Hebrew Verbal System: Solutions from Ewald to the Present. Sheffield: Almond, 1982.
  • Rainey, Anson F. “Further Remarks on the Hebrew Verbal System.” HS 29 (1988): 35-42.
  • Smith, Mark S. The Origins and Development of the Waw-Consecutive: Northwest Semitic Evidence from Ugarit to Qumran. HSS 39. Atlanta: Scholars, 1991.
  • Zevit, Ziony. “Solving a Problem of the YAQTÚL Past Tense.” HS 29 (1988): 25-33.

BIBLICAL ARAMAIC

Translation

  • Aramaic portions of Daniel and Ezra from BHS
  • Aramaic Papyri No. 30 (Elephantine)

Grammars and Readings

  • Driver, G. R. Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C. Oxford: Clarendon, 1968.
  • Gibson, J. C. L. Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, vol. 2, Aramaic Inscriptions, Including Inscriptions in the Dialect of Zenjirli. Oxford: Clarendon, 1975.
  • Greenspahn, Frederick. An Introduction to Aramaic. Atlanta: Scholars, 1999.
  • Rosenthal, Franz. A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1974.

UGARITIC

Translation

  • Texts from Cyrus Gordon’s Ugaritic Grammar – 68:6-26; 137:16-34; 1184; 1032.

Grammars and Resources

  • Avishur, Yitzhak. Studies in Hebrew and Ugaritic Psalms. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1994.
  • Brooke, George J., A. Curtis, and J. F. Healey, eds. Ugarit and the Bible: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ugarit and the Bible. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 1994.
  • Clifford, R. J. The Cosmic Mountain in Canaan and Old Testament. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1972.
  • Craigie, P. C. “Parallel Word Pairs in Ugaritic Poetry.” UF 11 (1979): 135-40.
  • Dahood, M. J. Proverbs and Northwest Semitic Philology. Rome: Pontifico Biblico Instituto, 1971.
  • Gordon, Cyrus H. Ugaritic Textbook: Grammar. Analecta Orientalia 38. Rome: Pontificum Institutum Biblicum, 1965.
  • Korpel, Marjo, and J. C. deMoor. “Fundamentals of Ugaritic and Hebrew Poetry.” UF 18 (1986): 173-212.
  • Miller, P. D. The Divine Warrior in Early Israel. HSM 5. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1973.< /li>
  • Pardee, Dennis. Ritual and Cult at Ugarit. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
  • ________. “Ugaritic Studies at the End of the 20th Century.” BASOR 320 (2000): 49-86.
  • Parker, Simon B. Ugaritic Narrative Poetry. Translated by Mark S. Smith, et.al. Writings from the Ancient World. Winona Lake: Scholars Press, 1997.
  • Egert, S. A Basic Grammar of the Ugaritic Language: With Selected Texts and Glossary. Berkley: University of California, 1984.
  • Sivan, D. A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language. Leiden: Brill, 2001.

QUMRAN AND NW SEMITIC INSCRIPTIONS

Translation – Paleo-Hebrew

  • The Gezer Calendar; The Siloam Tunnel Inscription; Yavneh Yam (Mesad Hashavyahu); The Mesha Stele (Moabite Stone); Lachish Letters (?) 2, 3, 4

Translation – Qumran

  • 1QIsa (Is. 42:1-17); The Rule of the Community – Cols. 1-3; Temple Scroll – Col. 45:7-47

Readings in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions

  • Ahituv, S. Handbook of Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions. 1992.
  • Albright, William F. “The Gezer Calendar.” BASOR 92 (1943): 16-26.
  • Amusin, J. D., and M. L. Heltzer. “The Inscription from Mesad Hashavyahu.” IEJ 14 (1964): 148-59.
  • Cross, Frank Moore, Jr. “The Development of the Jewish Scripts.” In The Bible and the Ancient Near East, ed. G. E. Wright, 133-202. New York: Doubleday, 1961.
  • ________. “The Origin and Early Evolution of the Alphabet.” ErIsr 8 (1967): 8-24.
  • Davies, G. I. Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Dearman, Andrew, ed. Studies in the Mesha Inscription and Moab. Atlanta: Scholars, 1989.
  • Faust, Avraham. “A Note on Hezekiah’s Tunnel and the Siloam Inscription.” JSOT 90 (2000): 3-9.
  • Moran, William L., trans. and ed. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
  • Parker, Simon B. Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions: Comparative Studies on Narratives in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions and the Hebrew Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Qumran Readings and Resources

  • Abegg, Martin G. “The Hebrew of the Dead Sea Scrolls.” In The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. P. W. Flint and J. C. Vanderkam, 325-58. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
  • Cross, Frank Moore, Jr. The Ancient Library of Qumran. Rev. ed. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995.
  • Cross, Frank Moore, Jr., and Shemaryahu Talmon. Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1975.
  • Dimant, Devorah. “The Library of Qumran: Its Content and Character.” In The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. P. W. Flint and J. C. Vanderkam, 379-402. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
  • Flint, Peter. “The Book of Psalms in the Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls.” VT 48 (1998): 453-72.
  • Herbert, E. D., and E. Tov, eds. The Bible as Book: The Hebrew Bible and Judaean Desert Discoveries. New Castle: Oak Knoll, 2002.
  • Klein, Ralph W. Textual Criticism of the Old Testament: The Septuagint after Qumran. GBS. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1974.
  • Mathews, K. A. “The Background of the Paleo-Hebrew Texts at Qumran.” In The Word of the Lord Shall Go Forth: Essays in Honor of David Noel Freedman, ed. C. L. Meyers and M. O’Connor, 549-68. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1983.
  • Tov, Emanuel. “Scribal Practices Reflected in the Texts from the Judaean Desert.” In The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment, ed. P. W. Flint and J. C. Vanderkam, 403-29. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
  • Ulrich, Eugene. “The Bible in the Making: The Scriptures Found at Qumran.” In The Bible at Qumran: Text, Shape, and Interpretation, ed. P. W. Flint, 51-66. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
  • Vanderkam, James and Peter Flint. The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

 

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Early Western Civilization – Syllabus

Course Syllabus – Spring 2011

The College at Southwestern

HIS 1103-A    W/F    1:15-2:30  Room F-17

Instructor: Kevin Stilley

Office Hours:  By Appointment

Email:  [email protected]

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Catalog Description

A study of the history and philosophy of western civilization from antiquity to the rise of Christianity.

Course Objectives

  • Appreciation of God’s providence in the overall pattern of history.
  • To gain knowledge of the main events, ideas and persons that have shaped western civilization from antiquity to the rise of Christianity.
  • To understand how the Biblical record and western civilization are related and be able to outline the relationship between revelation and historical records.
  • Development of the skill of applying history to contemporary ideas and issues

Required Texts

  • Susan Wise Bauer.  The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome
  • Paul L. Maier. The Flames of Rome
  • R.K. Harrison.  Old Testament Times

Recommended Texts

  • A good historically oriented study Bible is strongly recommended.  Two of the better ones are the ESV Study Bible and the NIV Archaeological Study Bible.
  • Lynn Troyka & Douglas Hesse.  Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers, 8th ed.

Blackboard

Blackboard and SWBTS student email will be used for class communications.  Students should check both Blackboard and student email daily for possible communications from the instructor.  WARNING:  Use of Blackboard requires that students pass an e-license test.  Complete this test as early as possible during the semester to avoid being locked out of Blackboard at the time the first exam is being conducted via that medium.  Alternative dates and formats for the test will NOT be offered.

Assignments

Grades will be determined based upon completion of three exams, two writing assignments/projects, and class participation.

  • Examination #1  (25%) – This exam will be conducted via Blackboard so please be sure to have a good internet connection available on the day of the exam.

  • Examination #2 (25%) – This exam will be conducted via Blackboard so please be sure to have a good internet connection available on the day of the exam.
  • Final Exam: (25%) – The date and time for the final exam may not coincide with normal class days and times. You must make yourself available to take the final exam at the scheduled time during finals week.   No alternative times or venues for the exam will be offered.
  • Writing Assignments / Projects (20%): Two writing projects have been assigned for this semester.

o   Create in the style of a David Letterman’s Top 10 List, “Reasons Why Christians should be interested in history?”  It may be helpful to consult the list of quotations found at http://kevinstilley.com/history-select-quotes/  (5%)

o   A timeline combining the main events from the Hebrew Bible with the material from our textbooks. The project can take many forms and students are encouraged to use creativity in its creation (examples:  board game, music, poetry, website, map, art, PowerPoint presentation, etc.).  (15%)

  • Participation (5%): All students are expected to attend class, be punctual, and participate appropriately in classroom discussion.  To engage in classroom discussion of the assigned reading it is imperative that all reading assignments be conducted in a timely fashion.  Be prepared or we may have to resort to the scenario found at the following url;  http://kevinstilley.com/a-warning-for-my-students/.   Attendance will be recorded at the beginning of all class sessions and again after each break. Absences or tardiness will adversely affect your grade.  Absences in excess of six (three for night classes) will result in an automatic failure of the class.  Students are free to record the class.  Guests are generally welcome, but please request permission from the instructor.  Laptops, iPhones, and similar devices may NOT be used during class as their usefulness is far outweighed by their ability to create a distraction.
  • OPTIONAL: A book report on The Flames of Rome may be substituted for any one of the above assignments.

Grades

Grades will be determined by the following scale: 100-98 (A+); 97-93 = A; 92-90 (A-); 89-88(B+); 87-83 (B); 82-80 (B-); 79-78 (C+); 77-73 (C); 72-70 (C-); 69-68 (D+); 67-63 (D); 62-60 (D-); Below 60 = F.

“When a man is busy at study, the Evil Impulse whispers to him: Why tarryest thou here.  Go and join the men who flirt with pretty women.” – Talmud, Zohar, ii, 265b

Tentative Schedule

HIS 1103-A Topic Assignment Due Today
January 14 Introduction to Course Please print out and bring your syllabus to this class session.
January 19 What Is History and Why Should It Be Important to Christians? Read: Harrison, chapter 1

Turn In: In the style of a David Letterman’s Top 10 List, “Reasons Why Christians should be interested in history?”
January 21 Pre-history & Genesis 1-11 Read: Genesis 1-11; Bauer, Preface;  The Everlasting Man – Chapter 2 (available on Blackboard)
January 26 Sumer & Akkad Read:  Bauer, chapters 1, 2, 3, 8, 10
January 28 Egypt Read:  Bauer chapter 4, 7, 9, 11
February 2 The Patriarchal Period Read:  Harrison, chapter 3
February 4 Hyksos, Hammurabi, Moses & The Nation of Israel Read:  Bauer chapters 23, 27, 32; Harrison, pages 119-127, 144-150
February 9 Western Semitic Power Grabs / David, Solomon, & Rehoboam (The United and Divided Kingdom) Read:  Bauer chapters 34, 39, 45,

Recommended: Harrison, chapter 7
February 11 Assyria, Babylon, the Medes & The Persians Read:   Bauer pp. 371-390, 410-417, 443-468, Old Testament book of Daniel
February 16 Examination #1 Examination #1 – On Blackboard
February 18 “Meanwhile in Greece…” Read:   Bauer pp. 183-190, 224-228, 253-257, 281-284
February 23 Greek Mythology & Religion Recommended: Hellenistic-Roman Religions, by Everett Ferguson (available on Blackboard)
February 25 The Persian Wars

History Channel Video: The 300

 Read:   Bauer pp. 514-534
March 2 History Channel Video: The 300 (pt. 2) – Birth of Democracy Read:   Bauer pp. 350-352, 354-358, 418-430
March 4 The Peloponnesian Wars & Alexander the Great Read:   Bauer pp. 539-554; 570-582; 591-607
March 9 Pre-Socratic Philosophy Recommended:

  • Presocratics, by Gordon Clark (available on Blackboard)
  • Philosophy Before Socrates, by John Mark Reynolds (available on Blackboard)
March 11 Socrates, Sophists, Plato Recommended: The Sophists, Socrates and Plato, by A. H. Armstrong (available on Blackboard)
March 23 Aristotle Recommended: Plato and Aristotle, by Donald Palmer (available on Blackboard)
March 25 Hellenistic & Early Roman Philosophy Recommended: Stoics, Cynics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, by A. H. Armstrong (available on Blackboard)
March 30 Examination #2 Examination #2 – On Blackboard
April 1 Romulus to Hannibal

Drive-Thru History – Rome Episode 1

 Read:   Bauer pp. 358-360, 431-436, 469-480, 555-561, 584-590, 607, 625-627, 629-641
April 6 Roman Prosperity

Drive-Thru History – Rome Episode 2

 Read:   Bauer pp. 644-647, 659-673, 676-678
April 8 Roman Empire

Drive-Thru History – Rome Episode 3

 Read:   Bauer pp. 680-696, 697-711
April 13 Six Flags Over Israel Read: Harrison pages 299-333
April 15 Roman Provinces & Israel During The Intertestamental Period Read: Bauer pp. 717-734
April 20 War With Rome & The Destruction of the Temple Turn In: A timeline combining the main events from the Hebrew Bible with the material from our textbooks.
April 22 No Class No Class
April 27 Western Civilization & The Kingdom of God

(or) Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, Art, Literature, etc.

 Read:   Bauer pp. 735-744, 751-756, 759-777

Recommended:

  • Genesis 1-11
  • Daniel 2
  • Matthew
  • Revelation 1
April 29 – 1:00 Final Examination Final Examination In Class

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Joshua’s Jihad

Question: I am struggling with my studies of the Old Testament. How do we counter the argument of Joshua’s jihad in the book of Joshua when confronted by Muslims and seekers of the Faith? Heck, not sure I can reconcile it in my own mind. I see little difference in the acts of terrorism recorded in our Holy Scripture and the acts of Alkeda (sic) today.

Kevin’s Response: I think that every thinking Christian struggles a bit with the question you ask. Sure, there are rationally good arguments for explaining the events in the book of Joshua, but nevertheless it goes against the grain of our sensibilities. I think it is good to acknowledge our discomfort even when we are able to answer the question.

There is such a thing as religious terrorism. We have seen it in many places and at many times; the Ku Klux Klan, the Inquisition, and what Al Qaeda is engaging in today. And, some of what was found in those instances may appear similar to what we find in the book of Joshua. However, it is not the similarities that provide an answer to your question – it is the differences. The Scholastics had a saying, “When there is confusion, make a distinction.”

So, what is the distinction? God. If one believes that the Scriptures are God’s Word, then the distinction is that the God who is all-knowing and all-good commanded what we find in the conquest of Canaan.

I can think of only two ways in which one can do away with this “distinction”.

1. You can assert that modern terrorists are also being commanded by God to engage in this behavior. I don’t believe this.

2. You can assert that the Bible is in error and that God did not command the events associated with the conquest of Canaan. I don’t believe this, either.

The dissonance we spoke of earlier leads most skeptics to skip the “distinction” and head straight to the question of God’s goodness. “If there is a God, and if the Bible is His revelation, could a good God command the things that we see in these biblical texts? Is God just?”

I have attached some links at the bottom of this response to articles that address this question.    But let me quickly mention four things that are important to me personally when thinking through this issue.

1. Mankind is God’s creation and we are responsible/accountable to Him, not vice versa.

(Romans 9) What then shall we say? Is God unjust? Not at all! For he says to Moses, “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion. It does not, therefore, depend on man’s desire or effort, but on God’s mercy. For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: “I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth.” Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.

One of you will say to me: “Then why does God still blame us? For who resists his will?” But who are you, O man, to talk back to God? “Shall what is formed say to him who formed it, ‘Why did you make me like this?’ ” Does not the potter have the right to make out of the same lump of clay some pottery for noble purposes and some for common use?

2. God is all-knowing. This is important because being all-knowing God would know the possible futures of what we would normally consider non-combatants and thus be able to consider them as combatants.

3. God is all-good. Therefore, I can trust Him even when I don’t understand.

4. God’s ways are far above my ability to comprehend.

(Deuteronomy 29:29) The secret things belong to the LORD our God, but the things revealed belong to us and to our children forever, that we may follow all the words of this law.

(2 Corinthians 2:16) “For who has understood the mind of the Lord so as to instruct him?”

Job 38

1 Then the LORD answered Job out of the storm. He said:

2 “Who is this that darkens my counsel
with words without knowledge?

3 Brace yourself like a man;
I will question you,
and you shall answer me.

4 “Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation?
Tell me, if you understand.

5 Who marked off its dimensions? Surely you know!
Who stretched a measuring line across it?

6 On what were its footings set,
or who laid its cornerstone-

7 while the morning stars sang together
and all the angels [a] shouted for joy?

8 “Who shut up the sea behind doors
when it burst forth from the womb,

9 when I made the clouds its garment
and wrapped it in thick darkness,

10 when I fixed limits for it
and set its doors and bars in place,

11 when I said, ‘This far you may come and no farther;
here is where your proud waves halt’?

12 “Have you ever given orders to the morning,
or shown the dawn its place,

13 that it might take the earth by the edges
and shake the wicked out of it?

14 The earth takes shape like clay under a seal;
its features stand out like those of a garment.

15 The wicked are denied their light,
and their upraised arm is broken.

16 “Have you journeyed to the springs of the sea
or walked in the recesses of the deep?

17 Have the gates of death been shown to you?
Have you seen the gates of the shadow of death [b] ?

18 Have you comprehended the vast expanses of the earth?
Tell me, if you know all this.

19 “What is the way to the abode of light?
And where does darkness reside?

20 Can you take them to their places?
Do you know the paths to their dwellings?

21 Surely you know, for you were already born!
You have lived so many years!

22 “Have you entered the storehouses of the snow
or seen the storehouses of the hail,

23 which I reserve for times of trouble,
for days of war and battle?

24 What is the way to the place where the lightning is dispersed,
or the place where the east winds are scattered over the earth?

25 Who cuts a channel for the torrents of rain,
and a path for the thunderstorm,

26 to water a land where no man lives,
a desert with no one in it,

27 to satisfy a desolate wasteland
and make it sprout with grass?

28 Does the rain have a father?
Who fathers the drops of dew?

29 From whose womb comes the ice?
Who gives birth to the frost from the heavens

30 when the waters become hard as stone,
when the surface of the deep is frozen?

31 “Can you bind the beautiful [c] Pleiades?
Can you loose the cords of Orion?

32 Can you bring forth the constellations in their seasons [d]
or lead out the Bear [e] with its cubs?

33 Do you know the laws of the heavens?
Can you set up God’s [f] dominion over the earth?

34 “Can you raise your voice to the clouds
and cover yourself with a flood of water?

35 Do you send the lightning bolts on their way?
Do they report to you, ‘Here we are’?

36 Who endowed the heart [g] with wisdom
or gave understanding to the mind [h] ?

37 Who has the wisdom to count the clouds?
Who can tip over the water jars of the heavens

38 when the dust becomes hard
and the clods of earth stick together?

39 “Do you hunt the prey for the lioness
and satisfy the hunger of the lions

40 when they crouch in their dens
or lie in wait in a thicket?

41 Who provides food for the raven
when its young cry out to God
and wander about for lack of food?

And, here are the promised links through to articles in which you can see how others have handled this question.

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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax, by Bruce Waltke and M. O’Connor


William Barrick, Professor of Old Testament at The Master’s Theological Seminary, has given a very positive review of Waltke and O’Connor’s intermediate grammar An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax.

“An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax (IBHS) provides the students of biblical Hebrew with the most up to date and scholarly grammar written in the English language. The authors make it clear that their volume does not replace other reference grammars. Their reasoning is both honest and accurate-IBHS is not exhaustive either in treating exceptions or even in covering all matters of syntax and grammar. This grammar, however, is so well written that we can only hope that Waltke and O’Connor will see fit to complete this magnificent offering in a second volume that would treat the remaining elements of Hebrew syntax with the same excellence manifested in this work.”

Go HERE for the full review.

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